Pressure Drop - Flow Relationships in Cigarette Filter Rods and Tobacco Columns

Flow Pattern Identification and Pressure Drop Calculation for Gas-Liquid Flow in a Horizontal Pipeline

Two phase gas-liquid flow pattern in a horizontal pipeline is predicted very accurately using a newly-developed analytical relation. The pattern identification is based on one of the most widely used graphs, the Baker diagram, modified in a way that compensates for the unrealistic oversimplifications of recent works. The Kern's method of pressure drop calculation is used to obtain the frict...

Heavy Metal Content in Cigarette and Hookah Tobacco in Iran

 Background and purpose: Excessive intake of heavy metals has adverse health effects and smoking is one of the sources of these elements. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentrations of 11 heavy metals in tobacco of different widely-consumed brands of cigarettes and hookahs in Iran. Materials and methods: Concentrations of nine types of cigarettes and four types of hookah tobacc...

Two Phase Flow Pressure Drop Calculation Using Homogeneous Equilibrium Model

Although two-phase flow is frequently encountered in various location of the process plants, there is no a general accepted and verified two-phase flow model that may be used to size lines for such conditions. An obvious example is condensate water return lines. The API method that used in this study is based on the homogeneous equilibrium flow assumption, that is, equal velocity and equal temp...

Relationships between cigarette consumption and biomarkers of tobacco toxin exposure.

Epidemiologic studies show a dose-response relationship between cigarettes per day and health outcomes such as heart and lung disease, and health outcomes are related to some biomarkers of tobacco exposure. The objective of this study was to examine the relationships between cigarettes per day and levels of selected biomarkers of tobacco toxin exposure: carbon monoxide (CO), metabolites of the ...

Prediction of Mean Drop Size in Pulsed Packed Extraction Columns